Hammerhead pier, also known as a solid shaft pier, is much like the normal pier but with the distinctness of the piercap on top of it....

Grid analysis is the fundamental aspect of bridge engineering as far as understanding any bridge span is concerned Grid analysis or grillage analysis of a span is the virtual modelling and simulation of all forms of conditions and forces upon the bridge span that can occur in its service life. The bending , shear, torsional stresses so developed within the model help us in the preliminary design of bridge girders, diaphragms, cross bracings, and decide other geometrical and